суббота, 22 мая 2021 г.

Constitution




The Constitution of the Russian Federation
1. Подумайте и ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is a constitution?
2. What basic principles are contained in a constitution?
3. Why is a constitution the supreme law of any country?

2. Прочитайте текст.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation is Russia’s supreme law, passed through a national vote. It contains the basic principles of the Russian constitutional system.
 The Constitution:
· defines the federative structure of the Russian Federation;
· establishes the principles of sovereignty and independence of the Russian Federation;
· defines the principle of separation of powers between legislative, executive and judicial branches;
· establishes equality of ideologies and religions;
· defines the Russian Federation as a secular state.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines the rights and freedoms of a human and a citizen, sets their priority when deciding any issues, and proclaims the principle of equality before law and court.
As for the federative structure, the Constitution contains the list of component units of the Russian Federation, covers the issues that are within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and those that are within the joint jurisdiction of federal and local authorities.
Separate articles are devoted to the bodies of federal power: the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, and the Government of the Russian Federation and also the judicial power of the Russian Federation. In these articles, the order and the terms of appointed and elected officials and the limits of their competence are defined according to the principle of separation of powers.
Under the Constitution adopted on December 12, 1993 at the all-Russia referendum, full authority in the Russian Federation belongs to the President and the bodies of the legislative (two chamber parliament – Federal Assembly), executive (Government of the Russian Federation) and the judicial authorities, which work independently. The President of the Russian Federation is the Head of the State; the duties of the President are listed, including his status of the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
The Constitution also contains the text of the oath taken by the President of the Russian Federation upon taking office
The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (the Federation Council and the State Duma) represents the legislatureThe order of electing representatives for these chambers, their competence, terms of office are provided by the Constitution.
The Government of the Russian Federation is the executive branch. The Constitution determines the extent of its jurisdiction and also defines the order and the terms of office of government officials.
Judicial power is implemented by means of constitutional, civil, administrative, and criminal legal proceedings. The Constitution establishes the principles of independence, irremovability and immunity of judges, thus providing for objectiveness and impartiality of the court. The system of courts of the Russian Federation consists of:
· the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation;
· the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation;
· the Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation.
Separate articles are devoted to the Russian Federation Prosecutor’s Office with functions of supervision and control, and the procedure for adoption of Constitutional amendments. The Constitution regulates the issues of local self-government, including its authority and sphere of activity. Transitional and Final provisions regulating the promulgation of the Constitution and its enforcement are contained in Part 2 of the Constitution.


3. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания из текста. карточка 1)
1) to establish the principles of sovereignty and independence
2) to cover issues
3) to be devoted to the bodies of federal power
4) to define the federative structure
5) legislative authority
6) executive authority
7) judicial authority
8) to list duties
9) the Armed Forces
10) to represent the legislature
11) to determine the extent of the jurisdiction
12) immunity of judges
13) impartiality of the court
14) supervision and control
15) promulgation of the Constitution
4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим русским словам и словосочетаниям.
1) установить принцип суверенитета
2) принцип разделения властей
3) установить равенство религиозных конфессий
4) светское государство
5) в ведении федеральных и местных властей
6) провозглашать принцип равенства перед законом
7) Федеральное Собрание
8) рамки полномочий
9) судебная власть
10) глава государства
11) порядок избрания представителей
12) установить принцип несменяемости судей
13) Прокуратура Российской Федерации
14) беспристрастность суда
15) процедура принятия поправок к Конституции

5. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. What does the Constitution of the Russian Federation define and establish?
2. What provisions does the Constitution contain regarding the federative structure?
3. What are the bodies of federal power?
4. Who does the full authority in the Russian Federation belong to under the current Constitution?
5. What provisions concerning the legislature are provided by the Constitution?
6. What is the executive branch of power in the Russian Federation?
7. How is judicial power implemented in the Russian Federation? 
8. What principles of judicial power does the Constitution establish?
9. What does the system of courts consist of?
10. Does the Constitution regulate the activities of local self-government?

6. Подберите синонимы из правой колонки к словам в левой колонке.
1) fundamental                       a) impartial
2) power                                 b) period of time
3) independently                    c) be vested in
4) establish                             d) choose
5) duty                                    e) obligation
6) solemn promise                  f) basic
7) term                                    g) separately
8) elect                                    h) oath
9) objective                             i) set up
10) belong to                           j) authority
7. Подберите антонимы из правой колонки к словам в левой колонке.
1) separation               a) dependence
2) within                     b) reject
3) sovereignty             c) unity
4) adopt                       d) beyond
5) secular                     ereligious
8. Закончите предложения согласно содержанию текста.
1. Constitution establishes …

a) the principles of independence and partial sovereignty of the RF.
b) equalities of ideologies but not religions.
c) the principle of separation of powers.

2. As for the federative structure, the Constitution …

a) covers the questions that are exclusively in the jurisdiction of the RF leaving out the competence of federal and local authorities.
b) contains the list of component units of the RF.
c) covers only those questions that are in the joint jurisdiction of federal and local authorities.

3. The bodies of federal power are…

a) the Federal Assembly of the RF and the judiciary of the RF.
b) the President of the RF and the Government of the RF.
c) all the bodies mentioned above in a) and b).

4. The Federal Assembly of the RF represents …

a) the legislature.
b) the judiciary.
c) the executive branch.

5. The Constitution determines …

a) the extent of the jurisdiction of the executive branch.
b) the order and the terms of office of the governmental officials.
c) both.

6. Judicial power is implemented by means of …

a) civil and criminal legal proceedings.
b) constitutional and administrative legal proceedings.
c) all the proceedings mentioned in a) and b).

Повторение грамматики.
Система времен английских глаголов в пассивном залоге (The System of Tenses. Passive Voice)
9. Замените в предложениях глагольные формы в активном залоге на пассивные и переведите их на русский язык.
Examples:
 MODEL 1 The constitution defines the federative structure of   the Russian Federation. 
The federative structure of the Russian Federation is   defined in the Constitution.
MODEL 2 The constitution defined the federative structure of   the Russian Federation. 
The federative structure of the Russian Federation   was defined in the Constitution (several years ago,   yesterday, two days ago, the day before yesterday).
MODEL 3 The constitution will define the federative structure   of the Russian Federation. 
The federative structure of the Russian Federation   will be defined in the Constitution (one of these days,   tomorrow, in a week, in several months).
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines the rights and freedoms of a human and a citizen.
2. The Constitution defined the Russian Federation as a secular state in 1993.
 3. The Constitution contains the text of the oath taken by the President of the Russian Federation.
4. The Constitution determines the extent of the jurisdiction of the Russian Government.
5. The Constitution established the principles of independence, irremovability and immunity of judges when it was adopted.
6. The Constitution will regulate the issues of local self-government in a year.
7. Part 2 of the Constitution contains Transitional and Final provisions.

10. Соотнесите слова из левой колонки с их определениями из правой колонки.
1) unofficial
2) the legislative power
3) immunity
4) supervision
5) the executive power
6) competence
7) enforcement
8) he judicial power
9) legal proceeding(s)
10) impartiality

a) freedom from favouritism, disinterestedness, fairness
b) the quality or condition of being legally qualified to perform an act
c) a giving force to, authority, or effect to
d) one who holds an office or position, especially one who acts in a subordinate capacity for an institution such as a corporation or governmental agency
e) the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state
f) the part of government that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state affairs
g) all actions that are authorized or sanctioned by law and instituted in a court or a tribunal for the acquisition of rights or the enforcement of remedies
h) authority belonging to an officially elected body of people vested with the responsibility to make laws
i) authoritative control over the affairs of others
j) exemption from normal legal duties, penalties, or liabilities, granted to a special group of people


11. Переведите предложения, используя слова и словосочетания из текста.
1. Конституция Российской Федерации — Основной закон страны. 2. Конституция устанавливает основы социального, экономического и политического устройства России. 3. Конституция провозглашает идею приоритета прав и свобод человека. 4. Носителем суверенитета и единственным источником власти в РФ является ее многонациональный народ. 5. Все граждане России равны перед законом и судом. 6. Статья 10 Конституции Российской Федерации предусматривает принцип разделения государственной власти на законодательную, исполнительную и судебную. 7. Судебная власть осуществляется посредством конституционного, гражданского, административного и уголовного судопроизводства. 8. Согласно Конституции судьи обладают независимостью, несменяемостью и неприкосновенностью. 9. В компетенцию Прокуратуры входит надзор за исполнением законов всеми учреждениями, должностными лицами и гражданами. 10. При вступлении в должность Президент Российской Федерации приносит присягу.

Types of constitution


Тема: Costitution.


Types of Constitutions
A Constitution is a system which establishes the fundamental rules and principles which a state will use to govern and regulate. There are several types of constitutions: written/unwritten, rigid/flexible, federal/unitary. The term written constitution is used to describe a constitution that is entirely written, that is codified in one single document. Written constitutions normally consist of a ceremonial preamble, which sets forth the goals of the state and the motivation for the constitution, and several articles containing the substantive provisions. The term unwritten constitution is used to describe a constitution in which no single, formal document delineates the powers of a government. Instead, an unwritten constitution comprises the body of a country's laws, enacted over time, with an emphasis on political precedent and parliamentary procedure, to create a framework in which a limited government operates. Unwritten constitutions can contain written sources: e.g. constitutional statutes enacted by the Parliament; and also unwritten sources: constitutional conventions, customs and traditions. Many historians use the term “rigid” to describe the Constitution because in such constitution there are provisions in writing that cannot be legally changed with the same ease and in the same manner as ordinary laws. On the other hand, the Constitution is called “flexible” because it is an unwritten document that can be changed by an act of Parliament or through a process of amendment. The federal constitution establishes the division of authority between the Federal Government and the component units of the government. In a federal constitution, sovereignty is invested in the central government. It allows a limited amount of government among units. The unitary constitution relates to the parliament. It follows parliamentary system of power. The unitary constitution establishes a unitary system of government where a central government does exist. Although units are associated with that government, sovereignty is controlled by the central government.

1. Используя текст, охарактеризуйте конституции Российской Федерации, США и Великобритании письменно.  


2. Translate the sentences: 
1. The evidence to be found at the crime scene is very important for the investigation. 
2. The report to be written by the investigator must include all he facts collected during the investigation. 
3. The crimc to be investigated by Scotland Yard occurred on the Thames. 
4. The criminal case to be tried by our district court next week is much spoken of in our city. 
5. Justice in this country to be administered equally by judges often depends on the sum of money a person has. 
6. He spoke of the problems to be settled in the nearest future. 
7. The article to be discussed by the students is about the American Constitution.





TUESDAY, APRIL 21, 2020

UK Constitution


The British Constitution


1. What makes the UK Constitution different from other constitutions?
2. What are the sources of the UK Constitution?
3. What is the core principle of the UK Constitution?
4. What bodies represent the three branches of power (executive, legislative and judiciary)? 

The British Constitution is unwritten unlike the constitution in America or the proposed European Constitution, and as such, is referred to as an uncodified constitution in the sense that there is no single document that can be identified as Britain's constitution. The British Constitution can be found in a variety of documents. The main ones are: Statutes (the Magna Carta of 1215 and the Act of Settlement of 1701), Acts of Parliament; customs and traditions, political conventions, case law; constitutional matters decided in a court of law. Since the English Civil War, the core principle of the British constitution has traditionally been the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, according to which the statutes passed by Parliament are the UK's supreme and final source of law. It follows that Parliament can change the constitution simply by passing new Acts of Parliament to be followed by the Royal Assent. There is some debate about whether this principle remains entirely valid today, in part due to the UK’s European Union membership.  According to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, Parliament may pass any legislation that it wishes. There are many Acts of Parliament which themselves have constitutional significance. For example, Parliament has the power to determine the length of its own term.  However, the Sovereign retains the power to dissolve Parliament at any time on the advice of the Prime Minister. Parliament also has the power to change the structure of its constituent Houses and the relation between them. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. All the legislation must receive the approval of the Sovereign (the Royal Assent). Following the accession of the UK to European Economic Community (now the European Union) in 1972, the UK became bound by European law and more importantly, the principle of the supremacy of European Union law. The House of Commons alone possesses the power to pass a motion of no-confidence in the Government, which requires the Government either to resign or seek fresh elections. Such a motion does not require passage by the Lords, or the Royal Assent. Parliament traditionally also has the power to remove individual members of the government by impeachment. By the Constitutional Reform Act2005 it has the power to remove individual judges from office for misconduct. The executive power in the United Kingdom is exercised by the Sovereign through Her Majesty's Government. The monarch appoints the Prime Minister as the head of Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister then selects the other Ministers which make up the Government. As in some other parliamentary systems of government, the executive is accountable to Parliament.
The Courts of the United Kingdom are divided into three separate jurisdictions serving England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, since the United Kingdom does not have a single unified judicial system. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 created a new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom to take over the judicial functions of the House of Lords and devolution cases from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Supreme Court began its work in 2009, and serves as the highest court of appeal in England, Wales and in Northern Ireland, and for civil cases in Scotland. The High Court of Justiciary remains the court of last resort in Scotland for criminal cases. 

Посмотрите видео о конституции Великобритании


Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями. 
1. The British Constitution is unwritten unlike the Constitutions of the USA and the proposed European Constitution. 
2. The British Constitution can be found in a variety of documents. 
3. Amendments to the British Constitution need the approval of both Houses of Parliament, but they do not need the Royal Assent. 
4. Parliamentary sovereignty has always been the core principle of the British Constitution. 
5. The Sovereign has no power to dissolve Parliament. 
6. Parliament has no power to change the structure of its houses. 
7. The British Parliament consists of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. 
8. The European law has priority over the UK law. 
9. The executive power in the United Kingdom is exercised by the Sovereign. 
10. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 created a new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. 


Infinitive 
Инфинитив — это неличная форма глагола, которая называет действие и в русском языке соответствует неопределенной форме глагола (инфинитиву), которая отвечает на вопросы: «что делать?», «что сделать?»: to read — читать, прочитать to investigate — расследовать to detect — разыскать, разыскивать Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to, однако частица to перед инфинитивом в некоторых случаях опускается. 
Е. g. We must learn how to find the criminal as quickly as possible.

Инфинитив в предложении может быть: 
1. Подлежащим: 
То detect the criminal is very often not an easy task. (Разыскать преступника — это очень часто нелегкая задача).

2. Составной частью сказуемого: 
The main duty of policc officers is to fight crime. (Главная обязанность сотрудника полиции — это бороться с преступностью). 
3. Дополнением: 
At our College we are also taught to find evidence. (В институте нас также учат находить улики). 
4. Определением: 
Не had no intention to commit a criminal act. (У него не было намерения совершать преступное деяние). 
5. Обстоятельством цели: 
I entered the Moscow Law Institute (in order) to become a good lawyer. (Я поступил в МЮИ, чтобы стать хорошим юристом). 

Инфинитив имеет формы залога (Active, Passive), а также формы времени (Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect)
Выпишите таблицу в тетрадь и выучите

Инфинитив в английском языке (Infinitive): формы инфинитива ...


Наиболее распространенными являются формы Indefinite Infinitive Active и Passive. Остальные формы инфинитива встречаются значительно реже. 

1. То elect and to be elected is the right of every citizcn. (Избирать и быть избранным — право каждого гражданина). 
2. The delegation is said to have left Moscow. (Говорят, делегация уехала из Москвы). 
3. Не cannot be studying at such a late hour. (He может быть, чтобы он занимался в такой поздний час). 
4. Не is known to have been working on this problem for many years. (Известно, что он работает над этой проблемой в течение многих лет). 
5. Не is happy to have been invited there. (Он счастлив, что его пригласили туда).

Passive Infinitive в функции определения.
Пассивный инфинитив, стоящий после существительного, обычно переводится придаточным предложением с оттенком моральности, в котором действие, выраженное инфинитивом, совершается над лицом или предметом, к которому оно относится. 
E.g. The case to be investigated by this young officer is rather difficult. (Дело, которое должно быть расследовано этим молодым следователем, довольно трудное).


Ex. 4. Translate the sentences: 
1. The evidence to be found at the crime scene is very important for the investigation. 
2. The report to be written by the investigator must include all he facts collected during the investigation. 
3. The crimc to be investigated by Scotland Yard occurred on the Thames. 
4. The criminal case to be tried by our district court next week is much spoken of in our city. 
5. Justice in this country to be administered equally by judges often depends on the sum of money a person has. 
6. He spoke of the problems to be settled in the nearest future. 7. The article to be discussed by the students is about the American Constitution.


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