тема: Судебная власть Российской Федерации.
1.прочитайте и переведите на русский язык
2.выпишите в тетрадь подчеркнутые слова и выражения.
переведите их на русский язык. выучите.
3. выучите наизусть две любые статьи.
4. Подготовьте эссэ на тему The Problem of Panishment
1. Justice in
the Russian Federation shall be administered by courts alone.
2. The judicial power shall be
exercised by means of constitutional, civil, administrative
and criminal proceedings.
3. The judicial
system of the Russian Federation shall be instituted by the
Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal constitutional
law. The creation of extraordinary courts shall
not be allowed.
Judges may be citizens of
the Russian Federation over 25 years of age with a higher education in
law and a law service record of not less than five years.
The federal law may introduce additional requirements for judges of the
courts of the Russian Federation.
1. Judges
shall be independent and submit only to the
Constitution and the federal law.
2. If after considering a case, the court
of law decides that an act of a state or other body contradicts
the law, it shall pass an appropriate decision according
to the law.
1. Judges shall
be irremovable.
2. The powers of
a judge be ceased or suspended only on
the grounds and according to the rules fixed by the federal
law.
1. Judges
shall possess immunity.
2. A judge may
not face criminal responsibility otherwise than according to
the rules fixed by the federal law.
1. Examination
of cases in all courts shall be open. Examinations in camera shall
be allowed only in cases envisaged by the federal law.
2. Trial
by default in criminal courts shall not be allowed except in cases
fixed by the federal law.
3. Judicial proceedings shall be held on the
basis of controversy and equality of the parties.
4. In cases
fixed by the federal law justice shall be administered by a court of
jury.
The courts
shall be financed only from the federal budget and the
possibility of the complete and independent administration of
justice shall be ensured in keeping with the
requirements of federal law.
1. The
Constitution Court of the Russian Federation consists of 19 judges.
2. The Constitution Court of the Russian Federation
upon requests of the President of the Russian Federation, the Council
of the Federation, the State Duma, one fifth of the members of
the Council of the Federation or of the deputies of the State Duma, the
Government of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the
Russian Federation and the Higher Arbitration Court of the
Russian Federation, the bodies of legislative and executive
power of the subjects of the Russian Federation shall consider
cases on the correspondence to the Constitution of the Russian
Federation of:
a. the federal laws, normative
acts of the President of the Russian Federation, the Council of the Federation,
the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation;
b. the constitutions of
republics, charters, and also the laws and other normative acts of the subjects
of the Russian Federation adopted on the issues under the
jurisdiction of the bodies of state authority of the Russian
Federation or under the joint jurisdiction of the bodies of state authority of
the Russian Federation and the bodies of state authority of the
subjects of the Russian Federation;
c. the treaties concluded between
the bodies of state authority of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state
authority of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the treaties concluded
between the bodies of state authority of the subjects of the Russian
Federation;
d. international treaties and
agreements of the Russian Federation which have not come into force.
3. The Constitution Court of the Russian Federation
shall resolve disputes on jurisdiction matters:
a. between the federal bodies of
state authority;
b. between the bodies of state
authority of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state authority of the
subjects of the Russian Federation;
c. between the higher bodies of
state authority of the subjects of the Russian Federation.
4. The Constitution Court of the Russian
Federation, upon complaints about violations of
constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens and upon court
requests shall check, according to the rules fixed by the
federal law, the constitutional of a law applied or
subject to be applied in a concrete case.
5. The Constitution Court of the Russian Federation,
upon the requests of the President of the Russian Federation, the Council of
the Federation, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, the
bodies of the legislative power of the subjects of the Russian Federation,
shall give its interpretation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
6. Acts or their certain provisions recognized
as unconstitutional shall become invalid; international
treaties and agreements not corresponding to the Constitution of the Russian
Federation shall not be liable for enforcement and application.
7. The
Constitution Court of the Russian Federation, upon the request of the Council
of the Federation, shall provide a conclusion on the observance of
the fixed procedure for advancing charges of treason or of
another grave crime against the President of the Russian
Federation.
The Supreme
Court of the Russian Federation shall be the supreme judicial body for
civil, criminal, administrative and other cases under the jurisdiction
of common courts, shall carry out judicial supervision over their
activities according to federal law-envisaged procedural forms and provide
explanations on the issues of court proceedings.
The Higher Arbitration
Court of the Russian Federation shall be the supreme judicial body for settling
economic disputes and other cases examined by courts of
arbitration, shall carry out judicial supervision over their activities
according to federal law-envisaged procedural forms and provide explanations on
the issues of court proceedings.
1. The judges of
the Constitution Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the
Russian Federation, the Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation shall
be appointed by the Council of the Federation upon the proposals by
the President of the Russian Federation.
2. Judges of
other federal courts shall be appointed by the President of the Russian
Federation according to the rules fixed by the federal law.
3. The
powers, the rules for forming and functioning of the
Constitution Court of the Russian Federation, of the Supreme Court of the
Russian Federation and the Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation
shall be fixed by the federal constitutional law.
1. The
Procurator's Office of the Russian Federation shall form single
centralized structure in which procurators are subordinate to superior
procurators and the Procurator-General of the Russian
Federation.
2. The Procurator-General of the Russian Federation
shall be appointed and dismissed by the
Council of the Federation upon the proposal of the President of the Russian
Federation.
3. The
procurators of the subjects of the Russian Federation shall be appointed by the
Procurator-General of the Russian Federation by agreement with the
subjects.
4. Other
procurators shall be appointed by the Procurator-General of the Russian
Federation.
5. The powers,
organization and the rules of the functioning of the Procurator's Office of the
Russian Federation shall be determined by the federal law.
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legal profession in Great Britain.
The legal profession is one of the most prestigious and well-paid in
Britain. England is almost unique in having two different kinds of lawyers,
with separate jobs in the legal system. There are two main branches, those of
solicitors and barristers. Of these, barristers form the senior branch of the
legal profession. (This division of the legal profession is due mainly to
historical causes.) Each branch has its own characteristic functions and a
separate governing body. This system has been criticized in recent years
because of the resulting duplication of services, delay in the legal process
and its expense. The Conservative government legislated for substantial changes
in the legal profession and in the legal services generally, which are intended
to benefit consumers.
Barristers
The senior branch of the legal profession in England, Wales and Northern
Ireland is a barrister. There are over 9,000 barristers, who have the right to
fight a case in the higher courts (the Crown courts and the High Courts) in England
and Wales. Barristers belong to the Bar, which is an ancient legal institution
and which is now controlled by the Bar Council. There are also the four legal
societies or Inns of Court in London, they are Gray's Inn, Lincoln's Inn, the
Middle Temple and the Inner Temple. The four Inns of Court, law colleges, date
from the Middle Ages and have maintained their autonomy and privileges, and
have been more resistant to attempts at reform than any other British
institution. Barristers (professional advocates) have two main functions:
first, to give specialised advice on legal matters and, secondly, to act as
advocates in the higher courts. Most sections of the general public cannot
approach a barrister directly, but must be introduced by a solicitor.
In order to become a barrister, one must have a university degree, plus
additional professional examinations organised by the Council of Legal
education. He will then become a member of one of the four Inns of Court to
complete the training in the law and in the skills required to argue a case in
court and pass the Bar examinations. The student must dine in his Inn for a
number of terms before being accepted as a barrister or called to the Bar. A
newly qualified barrister will then join the 'chambers' of an established
barrister and slowly build up experience and reputation as an effective
advocate in the higher courts.
Barristers are self-employed individuals who practise the law from chambers
(or offices), together with other barristers. The barrister’s career starts as
a 'junior' handling minor cases (or briefs). He or she may have difficulty in
earning a reasonable living or in becoming established in the early years of
practice, with the result that many barristers drop out and enter other fields.
If the barrister persists and builds up a successful practice as a junior,
then he or she may become a Queen’s Counsel (QC) known within the profession as
'taking silk'. A QC is a senior barrister who can charge higher fees for his
work, but who is then excluded (исключат)from appearing in lesser cases. In
practice, some successful barristers decide not to take the gamble(рисковать),
but remain as juniors. However, the appointment as a QC may lead to a future
position as a judge, and it is regarded as a necessary career step for the
ambitious.
Solicitors
There are nearly 71,640 solicitors, who practise mainly in private firms,
but also in local and central government, in legal centres, and in industry.
They are a more recent development than barristers, and are now mainly
organised by their professional body, the Law Society. The solicitors' branch
is still a middle-class profession, but it is increasingly attracting members
from a relatively wide spectrum of society.
In order to become a solicitor, it is now generally necessary to have a
university degree, preferably but not essentially in law. After passing
additional professional examinations organised by the Law Society, the student
will serve a practical apprenticeship(стажер) with an established solicitor for
some two years. After the total period of about six years education and
training, the new solicitor can practise law. Solicitors deal with general
legal work, though specialisation in one area of the law is now widespread.
Their firms (or partnerships of solicitors адвокатские конторы) offer a wide,
range of services, such as conveyancing(оформление документов на недвижимость)
(the buying and selling of property); probate(наследство) (wills and
succession(завещание и наследование after death); family matters; criminal and
civil litigationсудебные разбирательств; commercial cases; and tax and
financial affairs.
A lot of work In English solicitors firms is undertaken by managing clerks,
now called legal executives правозащитники, who are a third type of lawyers.
Legal executives now have their own professional and examining body – 'the
Institute of Legal Executives'.
Although people are free to conduct, their own cases if they wish so, the
client with a legal problem will normally first approach a solicitor, who can
usually deal with all aspects of the case. The solicitor in the past was only
able to appear for his client in the lower courts (county and magistrates
courts). Because he could not appear (had no rights of audience) in the higher
courts, it is usual for a solicitor to hire a barrister if the case was to be
heard in a superior court. This practice, which was criticised as expensive and
inefficient, is now being changed to allow qualified solicitor-advocates to
have rights of audience in the higher courts.
Judges
The judges constitute(представляют) the judiciary, or the third arm of the
constitutional system in the UK. There are a relatively small number of judges
of various ages, and they are located in most large cities and in the higher
courts in London. As there is no judicial profession in England, all judges are
usually appointed from the ranks of senior barristers, although advocates or
solicitors have now become eligible for some of the lower positions. Some
become circuit judges, of whom there are about 300, assigned to county courts throughout
the country. Above these, there are about 50 High Court judges who deal with
more important or difficult cases around the country, and about 30 other
judges, all of whom belong to one of the divisions of the High Court of
Justice. The highest appointments are made by the Crown on the advice of the
Prime Minister, and lower positions on the advice of the Lord Chancellor.
Other appointments of judges are supposedly made on non-political grounds.
Once appointed, senior judges cannot be in practice removed from office until
the retiring age of 75. It is often argued that judges should be more easily
removable from office. But the existing measures have been designed to ensure
the independence of the judiciary and its freedom from political involvement.
Some people feel judges to be socially and educationally elitist and remote
from ordinary life. They are usually safe, conventional people and generally
tend to support the accepted wisdom and status quo, and are overwhelmingly
male.
The judiciary tends to be old in years because judgeships are normally
awarded to senior practising lawyers, and there is no career structure that
people may join early in life. There are promotional steps within the judiciary
from recorder to circuit judge to high court judge, and thence to the Court of
Appeal and the House of Lords.
Word Practice
Ex. 1. Read the words and guess their meaning. Mind the stress.
|
'legal |
'system |
pro'fession |
,characte'ristic |
|
'type |
'function |
so'licitor |
,speciali'zation |
|
'form |
'problem |
ca'reer |
,proble'matic |
|
'plan |
'action |
ex'treme |
|
|
'clerk |
'practice |
spe'cific |
|
|
'office |
'advocate |
prac'titioner |
|
|
'status |
'business |
tra'ditional |
|
|
'expert |
'structure |
for'malities |
|
|
'client |
'barrister |
pro'cedure |
|
|
'document |
'argument |
|
|
Ex. 2. Complete the list of derivatives. Use a dictionary if
necessary.
verb noun
(agent) noun (concept)
to judge
to prosecute
to train
to practise
to advocate
advocate advocacy
to specialize
to convey
to apply
to accuse
to interpretе
to prosecute
Ex. 3. Pair the words in column B with the ones from column
A.
|
A |
substantional |
B |
barrister |
|
|
appearing |
|
degree |
|
|
senior |
|
course |
|
|
vocational |
|
documents |
|
|
law |
|
exam |
|
|
extreme |
|
advocate |
|
|
accused |
|
matters |
|
|
professional |
|
advice |
|
|
necessary |
|
structure |
|
|
civil |
|
action |
|
|
day-to-day |
|
person |
|
|
variety (of) |
|
interview |
|
|
personal |
|
formalities |
|
|
general |
|
practitioner |
|
|
career |
|
changes |
|
|
legal |
|
lesser cases |
Ex. 4. Decide which verbs you would use with the noun phrases
you have identified in Ex. 3.
to legislate; to
organise; to complete; to argue; to seek; to separate; to be; to have; to deal
with; to prepare; to plan; to pass; to appoint; to defend; to obtain; to proceed.
Ex. 5. Add nouns to the following adjectives to form noun
phrases.
legal; general;
criminal; civil; matrimonial; petty; junior; vocational; senior; successful;
important.
Ex. 6. Match the pairs of synonyms.
|
A |
В |
|
1. affair / matter |
1. charge / protest |
|
2. eliminate |
2. realize / fulfill |
|
3. various |
3. case |
|
4. complain |
4. vague / obscure |
|
5. reason |
5. attempt / endeavor |
|
6. implement |
6. different / diverse |
|
7. loophole |
7. evasion / trick |
|
8. effort |
8. exclude / remove |
|
9. ambiguous |
9. define / classify |
|
10. distinguish |
10. cause |
Ex. 7. Look through the list of the derivatives of the
word "law" and supply them in the sentences below.
a law, lawful,
lawfully, lawless, lawlessness, lawyer
1. We cannot
tolerate such ... behaviour.
2. Many doctors
want to see ... banning all tobacco advertisements.
3. The
widespread atmosphere of... has caused chaos and insecurity.
4. Judge Keenan
concluded that the surveillance had been ... .
5. Jake Coker,
... for a number of those detained, said yesterday that she would be making
applications(ходотайствовать)for habeas corpus.(неприкосновенность личности)
6. Such a policy
could not... be adopted.
Ex. 8. Match the words with their definitions.
prosecutor,
judge, barrister, solicitor, legalese, painstaking, eventuality, loophole,
ambiguous, litigate
1. a lawyer in
Britain, Australia, etc. who is qualified to argue a case in higher and lower
law courts;
2. having or
expressing more than one possible meaning, sometimes intentionally;
3. a person who
is in charge of a trial in a court and decides how a person who is guilty of a
crime should be punished, or who makes decisions on legal matters;
4. a legal
representative who officially accuses someone of committing a crime, esp. in a
court of law;
5. formal
language which is similar to the language in which legal documents are written
and is difficult to understand;
6. the cause (an
argument) to be discussed in a law court so that a judgement can be made which
must be accepted by both sides;
7. extremely careful
and correct, and using a lot of effort;
8. a chance to
avoid doing something or to do something because of a mistake in the way rules
or laws have been written;
9. a type of
lawyer in Britain and Australia who is trained to give advice about the law and
sometimes to represent people in court;
10. something
unpleasant or unexpected that might happen or exist in the future;
Ex. 9 How are the following ideas expressed in the text?
1. a lawyer who
has the right of speaking and arguing in the higher courts of law;
2. a kind of
lawyer who gives advice, appears in lower courts;
3. allowed or
made by law;
4. a room or
building in which law cases can be heard and judged;
5. questions to
be decided in a court of law;
6. a rule that
is supported by the power of government and that governs the behaviour of
members of a society;
7. a person
whose business is to advise people about laws and to represent them in court;
8. a person who
speaks in defence of or in favour of another person;
9. a lawyer who
prepares an official paper by which the right to ownership of one’s property is
given by one person to another;
10. a person who
pays a professional person for help and advice;
11. a public
official who has the power to decide questions brought before a court of law.
Ex. 10. Match English and Russian equivalents.
|
1. to accept the rules |
быть профессиональным адвокатом |
|
2. council for the defence |
защищать обвиняемого |
|
3. to appear in the court |
незначительные преступления |
|
4. legal executive |
составлять завещание |
|
5. to conduct the case |
искать юридического совета |
|
6. to hire a barrister |
толкование закона |
|
7. to advice |
иметь дело с составлением нотариальных актов |
|
8. matrimonial matters |
возврат долгов |
|
9. petty crimes |
брачные (супружеские) вопросы |
|
10. recovery of debts |
вести уголовное дело |
|
11. to make a will |
обращаться в суд |
|
12. to deal with conveyancing |
получить диплом юриста |
|
13. to seek legal advice |
гражданское дело |
|
14. to apply to the court |
юрист широкого профиля |
|
15. a civil action |
консультировать |
|
16. a general practitioner |
вести дело |
|
17. the interpretation of
the law |
нанимать адвоката |
|
18. to defend the accused
person |
законные исполнители |
|
19. to be a professional
advocate |
принимать правила |
|
20. to obtain a law degree |
защитник обвиняемого |
|
21. to prosecute in a
criminal case |
выступать в суде |
Ex. 11. Choose the best alternative to complete the following
sentences.
1. In the prosecution
/ trial duties he had to interview people of all classes.
2. Judges
/ solicitors determine controversies between parties based upon
evidence and legal agreement present.
3. Everyone
stood up as the judge / witness entered the courtroom. Judge
/ clerk Butler gave the defendant a six-month jail sentence.
4. The
chief prosecutor / barrister told the court that Johnson was
guilty of a horrible crime and asked for the maximum sentence. A special prosecutor
/ investigator was appointed to deal with that particular case.
5. He pays very
little tax because of some loophole / espionage in income tax
legislation. Some countries have found a loophole / treason in
the laws protecting whales by claiming that they use the whales in research.
6. After years
of painstaking research / leave we finally come up with the
right formula.
7. The
government will never legalize / ban drugs like hashish or
cocaine.
8. The results
of the experiments were ambiguous / distinct and they will
have to be done again.
9. His solicitor
/ public prosecutor assembles the materials necessary for presentation
to the court and settles cases out of court, so barrister doesn’t
prepare the case from the start.
10. We must be
prepared for any eventuality /traditionally.
11. England is
almost unique / ordinary in having two / three different
kinds of lawyers, with separate / the same jobs in the legal
system.
12. Solicitors
/ managing clerks prepare a case for a barrister / a judge.
13. In a civil
/ criminal action solicitors have the right to speak in the lowest /
highest courts.
14. The
law Society / the Bar is a governing body of solicitors.
15. It is a
mistake to regard / to point a barrister entirely as an advocate
/ prosecutor.
16. Barristers
are experts in the interpretation / examining of the Law.
17. Judges are
usually chosen / appointed from the most senior /
junior barristers.
18. The Queen’s
Counsel / the Lord Chancellor is expected to appear only in the most important
/ trivial cases.
19. A number of
lawyers is rapidly increasing / cutting down in England and
Wales.
20. A lot of
work in solicitors’/barristers’ offices is undertaken by
legal executives / students.
Discussion
Ex. 1. Complete the following sentences in partA by
adding the phrases given in partB.
A:
1. The legal
profession is one of the most…
2. England is
almost unique .....
3. Each branch
of legal profession has .....
4. A general
practitioner, confined mainly to the office ...
5. The
solicitors deal with preparing .....
6. The solicitor
has the right to speak in the Lowest Courts when ....
7. The barrister
plans his advocacy .....
8. A young man
joins a practicing solisitor as a clerk .....
9. When you have
passed all the necessary exams and you are admitted to the Law Society .....
10. Barristers
specialize .....
11. A barrister
must be capable .....
12. Barristers
are .....
13. Judges are
chosen .....
14. When the
student obtains a law degree and passes highly practical in nature vocational
course .....
15. Clerks who
undertake a lot of work in English solicitor’s offices .....
B:
1. the case is
one of divorce, recovery some debts, petty crimes.
2. to qualify as
a solicitor.
3. its own
characteristic functions and a separate governing body.
4. in the form
of a brief prepared by a solicitor.
5. is the
solicitor.
6. in having two
different kinds of lawyers.
7. legal
documents for the clients.
8. you can start
business on your own.
9. in
representing clients in court.
10. of
prosecuting in a criminal case one day and defending an accused person the
next.
11. experts in
the interpretation of the Law.
12. from the
most senior barristers.
13. he may be
called to the Bar.
14. are a third
type of lawyers called “legal executives”.
15. prestigious
and well-paid in Britain.
Ex. 2. Choose the best way to complete the sentences.
1. England has
two different kinds of lawyers: .....
a) solicitors
and barristers
b) barristers
and legal executives
c) solicitors
and judges
2. The client
with a legal problem will first approach…
a) a legal
executive
b) a solicitor
c) a judge
3. Solicitors
work on court cases of clients .....
a) in the court
b) outside the
court
c) at home
4. ..... is a
governing body of solicitors.
a) the Bar
b) the Highest
Court
c) the Law
Society
5. The highest
level barristers have the title of .....
a) Queen’s
Counsel
b) Queen’s
Advocate
c) Senior
Barrister
6. The status to
the barrister is bestowed by the Queen on the advice of .....
a) the Lord
Chancellor
b) the Prime
Minister
c) the
Attorney-General
7. In order to
become a barrister one must first be registered .....
a) as a member
of the Law Society
b) as a student
member of one of the four Inns of Court
c) as a member
of the Bar
8. Many people
believe the distinction between barristers and solicitors .....
a) should be
adopted
b) should be
eliminated
c) should be
kept
9. The barrister
career starts…
a) as a judge
b) as a senior
barrister
c) as a junior
barrister
10. All judges
are appointed from…
a) the ranks of
junior barrister
b) solicitors
c) the ranks of
senior barrister
11. There are
promotional steps within the judiciary…
a) from recorder
to circuit judge to high court judge
b) from recorder
to high court to the court of appeal
c) from recorder
to circuit judge to the House of Lords
Ex. 3. Mark the statements which are true. Prove your
idea.
1. The legal
profession is one of low paid in Britain.
2. The division
of the legal profession is of long standing and each branch has its own
characteristic functions.
3. The training
and career structures for the two types of lawyers are quite the same.
4. Solicitors
specialise in representing clients in the Higher courts.
5. A barrister
can only be consulted indirectly through a solicitor.
6. Barristers
are paid directly by the clients.
7. A barrister
is regarded to be an advocate.
8. In court,
barristers wear wigs and gowns in keeping with the extreme formalities of the
proceedings.
9. Judges are
chosen from the most senior barristers and they can continue to practise as
barristers.
10. Before a
junior counsel can achieve the status of QC he must be able to point to at
least 10 years successful practice as a barrister.
11. The
government doesn’t consider it necessary to eliminate the distinction between
barristers and solicitors.
12. The judge is
the presiding officer of the court.
13. Judges
themselves are a separate profession.
14. A barrister
always enters the judiciary at the highest level.
15. The judge
decides the interpretation of the law.
16. Judges are
capable of “making law” through the doctrine of precedent.
17. Judges are
under the control of Parliament.
18. Judicial
independence is a fundamental principle of constitutional law.
19. Professional
judges are paid salaries by the state.
20. Magistrates
are also the professional judges but they deal with the less serious crimes.
21. Magistrates
are selected by special committees in every town and district.
Ex. 4. Explain and expand on the following:
1. Each branch
of legal profession in Britain has its own characteristic functions.
2. Most sections
of the general public cannot approach a barrister directly.
3. Barristers
are self-employed individuals.
4. The
solicitors’ branch is still a middle-class profession.
5. Solicitor is
a general practitioner.
6. Judges
themselves are not a separate profession.
7. A barrister
enters the judiciary at the lower trial level.
8. The judge
decides the interpretation of the law.
9. Judges are
capable of making laws.
10. Judges are
not under the control of Parliament.
11. Alongside
with the professional judges there are unpaid judges.
12. Magistrates
are selected by special Committees.
Ex. 5 Choose someone to act as a solicitor and answer the
visitors’ questions.
|
What is (are) What do
you mean by Could you explain to me Can you tell me
about (who, what) |
having two different kinds
of lawyers variety of matters on solicitors’ desks work on court cases of
clients outside the court the right to speak in the Lowest Courts the Law
Society when I can start business on my own experts in the interpretation of
the law the status of Queen’s Counsel being called to the Bar the distinction
between barristers and solicitors training and career structures for the two
types of lawyers |
Ex. 6. Speak on the legal profession in Great Britain.
1. General
characteristics: two kinds of lawyers;
separate jobs; governing body; training structure; one practising lawyer per
1200 people; to compare with the USA; to increase rapidly; to make up;
2. Solicitor: to seek legal advice; variety of matters; to
deal with legal documents; to buy and sell houses; to make a will; to write
legal letters; conveyancing; probate; divorce; to work on court cases; to
prepare a case for a barrister; to speak in the lowest courts; to recover some
debts; matrimonial matters; petty crimes; criminal and civil litigation; tax;
finance affairs;
3. Barrister: an expert in the interpretation of the law; to
specialize in representing clients in court; to be consulted indirectly through
a solicitor; to be employed by a solicitor; to be a professional advocate; to
advise on really difficult legal matters; to spend a lot of time at paper work;
to wear wigs and gowns; to have the title of Queen’s Counsel; to drop out;
4. Judge: to choose from; senior barristers; to continue,
to practise as a barrister; to deal with; to be located; the independence of
the judiciary;
5. Legal
executives:solicitor’s offices; to
undertake; managing clerks; to be a third type of lawyers; to have a
professional and examining body.
Ex. 7. Complete each sentence with a word from the
list. Discuss the information
firms, company,
apply, enterprise, contracts, matters, dealing with, legal, image, criminal,
income, leads, secure, public, dangerous, murdered, procedures, payment,
insures, human, law, stockbrokers, clients, to restrict, attorney, access,
represent, lawyer
A. However, in both the United States and other
industrialized countries, … are becoming more and more specialized. Working in
small …, lawyers now tend to restrict themselves to certain kinds of work, and
a lawyer working in large … firms or employed in the law department of a large
commercial … work on highly specific areas of law. One lawyer may be employed
by a mining … just to prepare … for the supply of coal. Another may work for a
newspaper advising the editors on libel … Another may be a part of a Wall
Street firm of over a hundred lawyers who specialize in advising … on share.
B. As well as the type of work, the working
conditions and pay among members of the … profession also vary greatly. For
some people the … of a lawyer is someone who … a very wealthy and comfortable
life. However, it shouldn’t be forgotten that there are also lawyers whose
lives are not … . The Wall Street … probably earns a high salary, but the small
firm giving … to members of the … on welfare right or immigration … may have …
salaries in order to stay in business. There are lawyers whose business with
fee-paying … subsidizes the work they agree to do for little or no … for citizens’
right groups. Lawyers involved in … rights may ever find their profession is a
… one. Amnesty international research show that more than 60 lawyers. In
countries where the government … that all people have … to a lawyer in an
emergency, there are firms that specialize in … people who would not be able to
pay for legal services out of own pocket. For example, in England anyone facing
… prosecution is entitled to choose a firm of lawyers to … him. If his … is
below a certain level he will not be asked to pay: the firm will keep a record
of its costs and will … the government-funded Legal Aid Board for payment.
https://quizlet.com/_91vwzn?x=1qqt&i=3ay87y
https://quizlet.com/547394442/flashcard
(слова по теме в суде)
1) b)
2e
3a
4c
5n
6d
7f
8k
9h
10l
11j
12i
13m
14q
15g
16o
17r
18p
19s
20u
21x
22z
23t
24w
25v
26y
1) an arsonist a) attacks and robs people, often in the street
2) a shop-lifter b) sets fire to property illegally
3) a mugger c) is anyone who breaks the law
4) an offender d) breaks into houses or other buildings
to steal
5) a vandal e) steals from shops while acting as an ordinary
customer
6) a burglar f) kills someone
7) a murderer
g) deliberately causes damage to property
8) a kidnapper h) steals things from people’s pockets in
crowded places
9) a pickpocket i) gets secret information from another country
10) an accomplice j) buys and sells drugs illegally
11) a drug dealer k) takes away people by force and demands money
for
their return
12) a spy 1) helps a criminal in a criminal act
13) a terrorist m) uses violence for political
reasons
14) an assassin n) causes damage or disturbance in public places
15) a
hooligan o) hides on a ship or plane to get a free
journey
16) a stowaway p) takes control of a plane by force and
makes the pilot change course
17) a
thief
q) murders for political reasons or a reward
18) a
hijacker
r) is someone who steals
19) a
forger
s) makes counterfeit (false) money or signatures
20) a
robber
t) is a member of a criminal group
21) a
smuggler
u) steals money, etc. by force from people or places
22) a
traitor
v) marries illegally, being married already
23) a
gangster
w) is a soldier who runs away from the army
24) a
deserter
x) brings goods into a country illegally without paying tax
25) a bigamist
y)
illegally carries drugs into another country
26) drug
smuggler z) betrays his
or her country to another state
TASK 2. Continue the following table with the words
from Task 1 where possible. The first few are done for you. Consult the
dictionary when necessary:
|
Crime |
Criminal |
Criminal Act |
|
treason |
traitor |
to betray |
|
theft |
thief |
to steal |
|
murder |
murderer |
to murder |
|
|
|
|
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