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Soil pollution
Let us turn our attention to the foundation of human life – the land and the soil. Loss and destruction of the soil are of more than just economic importance. The damage which be caused to the soil eco-system by pollution would appear to be even – more significant. Agriculture is not the only polluter here and indeed it is often the victim (e. g. acid rain). Nevertheless, it plays an important part through its methods of fertilizing and pest control. Farming changes the natural ecology of an area: it requires the removal of natural vegetation, and the cultivation of a limited number of crop plants and keeping a limited number of animals, rather than a great variety of species which occur naturally. Land clearance and crop cultivation remove plant nutrients, and, when bare, the soil is exposed to higher wind speeds, greater temperatures and higher intensity of rainfall. Furthermore, many farming techniques, such as irrigation and the use of chemical fertilizers seemed to have unexpected adverse consequences. The term land degradation has been used to describe physical and chemical changes which reduce the long-term productivity of the soil.The sources of pollution are the indiscriminate dumping of materials on land, fall-out of materials from the atmosphere and the deposition of materials from floodwater. One indication of the extent of soil damage caused by emission from non-agricultural sources is the rapidly increasing scale of forest damage. According to the most recent survey of forest damage carried out in 1986, 54 per cent of the woodland area of the Federal Republic of Germany is damage, one third of it (19 per cent of the total) seriously or very seriously. The main cause is considered to be air pollution, in particular Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide.
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